High cutting forces occur during of chip formation, e.g. during a turning operation, as well as high forces and heat.

The right technology to monitor machining processes

More accurate, more stable, faster and more efficient: users want to see their processes improving all the time – so there is growing demand for reliable data as the basis for assessing the processes. Tool design and development, machining strategy and choice of parameters are the aspects where this potential for improvement can generally be found.

Cutting force is one suitable measurand that can be used to assess these influencing factors and optimize processes. It provides information about whether a process is running stably. Appropriate and specially designed sensor technology can be used to measure cutting forces. Two different technologies are used in sensory tool holders, and both of them can be expected to deliver accurate results: piezoelectric technology has been established for several decades as a measurement method for use in machining processes, whereas sensor technology based on strain gauges has only begun to gain ground here in the last few years. Both systems supply data about the forces and moments acting on the tools, but their operating principles are fundamentally different.

Specification data

Kistler RCD (Piezo technology)Strain gauge technology
Measurands
  • X, Y - Force
  • Z - Force
  • Torque Mz
  • X, Y - Bending moments
  • Z - Force
  • Torque Mz
Sampling rate10’000 HzTypically 1500 - 2500 Hz
Measurement rangesDepending on the electronic settings, changeable by parameterizationDepending on the surface moment of inertia of the tool holder (not changeable)

Force and bending moment

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Measurement results tool ø 10 / z = 4 – vc 175 – fz 0.06 – ap 10 – ae 3

XY - Force / Piezo | Bending Moment / Strain Gauge

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  • Graph with clear signal
  • Individual tool rotations (marked in red) are easily recognizable, high level of detail
  • Polar plot shows clear results

  • Graph with clear signal
  • Individual tool rotations (marked in red) are easily recognizable, reduced level of detail
  • Polar plot shows clear results

Torque Mz / Piezo | Torque Mz / Strain Gauge

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  • Graph with clear signal
  • Individual tool rotations (marked in red) are easily recognizable, high level of detail
  • Polar plot shows clear results

  • High noise level
  • Individual tool rotations (marked in red) are not easily recognizable, lower level of detail
  • Polar plot is unusable

Z - Force / Piezo | Z Force / Strain Gauge

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  • Graph with clear signal
  • Individual tool rotations (marked in red) are easily recognizable, many details are recognizable
  • Polar plot shows clear results

  • High noise level
  • Individual tool rotations (marked in red) are not recognizable, no details recognizable
  • Polar plot is unusable

Piezo technologyStrain gauge technology
  • Bigger and small tool diameters (< 3 mm) can be measured with the same device
  • Clear signals in Fx/Fy, Fz and Mz
  • Cutting edge engagement can be visualized clearly with details
  • All cutting force applications (w. rotating tool) can be measured
  • Force measurement independent from tool length
  • Only bigger tool diameters (> 10 mm) can be measured
  • Clear signal only in bending moment with bigger tools
  • Cutting edge engagement not visible at all for small tools and barely useful for big tools
  • Since Fz and Mz signals are dominated by very high noise. Only mean value analysis would be possible. Dynamic changes cannot be monitored
  • Real benefit in drilling is questionable
  • Tool length has influence on result

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